Kickoff of offshore wind power in China: playoffs for China wind power development

Year 2010 is the significant year of offshore wind power development in China. The first national offshore wind power project is connected to the grid, and the first round of concession projects marks the strong support from central government. It is foreseeable that offshore wind power capacity in China will expand rapidly in the future, and the understanding pattern of it is crucial for analyzing the overall wind market in China and global offshore wind power development. This paper firstly provides an overview of global offshore wind power development, then in China, including historical installation, potential of resources, demonstration and concession projects, and target of development. Based on this, analysis on current policies related to offshore wind power and their implementation, current wind farm developers and turbine manufacturers of China's offshore wind industry is done. All the previous analysis generates complete evaluation of current status and some issues and trends of China offshore wind power development, based on which some policy recommendations for sustainable development of offshore wind power are made

The Impact of Climate Policy on Carbon Capture and Storage Deployment in China

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) from coal combustion is widely viewed as an important approach for China’s carbon dioxide (CO2) emission mitigation, but the pace of its development is still fairly slow. In addition to the technological and economic uncertainties of CCS, lack of strong policy incentive is another main reason for the wide gap between early expectations and the actual progress towards its demonstration and commercialization. China’s mitigation scenario and targets are crucial to long-term development of CCS. In this research, impacts of CCS on energy and CO2 emissions are evaluated under two mitigation scenarios reflecting different policy effort levels for China using the China-in-Global Energy Model (C-GEM). Results indicate that with CCS applications in the power sector China can achieve an added emissions reduction of 0.3 to 0.6 Gigatons CO2 (GtCO2) in 2050 at the same level of carbon taxes respectively in the two mitigation scenarios. Under the more ambitious mitigation scenario, approximately 56% of China’s fossil fuel fired power plants will have CCS installed, and CO2 emission amounting to 1.4 GtCO2 will be captured in 2050. A carbon price not lower than $35/tCO2 appears to be necessary for the large-scale application of CCS in the power sector, indicating the vital role of policy in the deployment of CCS in China’s power sector.This work was supported by the founding sponsors of the China Energy and Climate Project, Eni S.p.A., ICF International, Shell International Limited, and the French Development Agency (AFD). We are also grateful for support from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China, the National Development and Reform Commission of China, the National Energy Administration of China, and the Asian Development Bank. Financial support was also provided by the MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change through a consortium of industrial sponsors and federal grants

Quantifying Regional Economic Impacts of CO2 Intensity Targets in China

To address rising energy use and CO2 emissions, China’s leadership has enacted energy and CO2 intensity targets under the Twelfth Five-Year Plan (2011–2015), which are defined at both the national and provincial levels. We develop a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model with global coverage that disaggregates China’s 30 provinces and includes energy system detail, and apply it to assess the impact of provincial CO2 emissions intensity targets. We compare the impact of the provincial targets approach to a single national target for China that achieves the same reduction in CO2 emissions intensity at the national level. We find that at the national level, the national target results in 25% lower welfare loss relative to the provincial targets approach. Given that the regional distribution of impacts has been an important consideration in the target-setting process, we focus on the changes in provincial level CO2 emissions intensity, CO2 emissions, energy consumption, and economic welfare. We observe significant heterogeneity across provinces in terms of the energy system response as well as the magnitude and sometimes sign of welfare impacts. We further model the current policy of fixed end-use electricity prices in China and find that national welfare losses increase. Assumptions about capital mobility have a substantial impact on national welfare loss, while assumptions about natural gas resource potential does not have a large effect.We acknowledge the support of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China through the Institute for Energy, Environment, and Economy at Tsinghua University, and the support from Graduate School of Tsinghua University, which is supporting Zhang Da’s doctoral research as a 22 visiting scholar at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. We are also grateful for the support provided by Rio Tinto China and Social Science Key Research Program from National Social Science Foundation, China of Grant no. 09&ZD029. We further acknowledge the support of Eni S.p.A., ICF International, and Shell, founding sponsors of the China Energy and Climate Project, for supporting this model development work. We would further like to thank Dr. John Reilly, Dr. Sergey Paltsev, Dr. Kyung-min Nam, Dr. Henry Chen, Paul Kishimoto and Tianyu Qi at Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, and participants in the annual meeting of China Energy and Climate Project and EcoMod 2012 Conference for helpful comments and discussion. 2

UK-China collaborative study on low carbon technology transfer: final report

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Experimental study and prediction model for flexural: behavior of reinforced SCC beam containing steel fibers

Seven full-scale steel fiber reinforced self-consolidating concrete (SFRSCC) beams were tested to study the effects of macro steel fibers on the flexural behavior of reinforced self-consolidating concrete beams. The major test variables are fiber contents and longitudinal reinforcement ratios. The ultimate load, midspan deflections, steel reinforcement strains, crack width and crack spacing were investigated. The enhanced ultimate flexural capacity and reduced midspan deflection due to the addition of steel fibers were observed. With the increasing of fiber contents, the strain in longitudinal reinforcement, crack width and crack spacing decreased significantly. The possibility of using steel fibers for partial replacement of the conventional longitudinal reinforcement is estimated, which is meaningful for extending the structural application of SFRSCC. A method incorporating fiber contribution to the post-cracking tensile strength of concrete in the flexural analysis of SFRSCC beam is also suggested. Comparisons are made between the suggested model and the fib Model Code 2010 model with experimental data. The results showed that the suggested model can estimate ultimate flexural capacity accurately.National Natural Science Foundation of China: Grants: 51078058 and 51121005